Major milestones in the history of space travel -1
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Imaginations and desires to reach the starry world are as old as humankind. However, it has not been even a century and a half since the studies, observations, figures and possibilities for this journey were formed. It's only been six decades since they were realized. This new age is in our time;An era that broke the boundaries of the earth and opened the boundaries of another world. Let's explore the major milestones in the journey to a new world that amazes us with its curiosity, novelty, complexity, opportunity, infinity and possibilities-
V2 Rocket: (1942)
During World War II, the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile, popularly known as the V2, a secret weapon developed by the German military, was the true forerunner of all rockets seen today. Powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, these German weapons were the first man-made object to cross the Carmen Line in space. The most important parts of a spacecraft, a rocket, are its powerful engine and gyroscope to control its course. The intellect behind the creation of these two machines belongs to the German scientists.
Sputnik 1: (1957)
Sputnik 1 is the first man-made artificial satellite.The launch of Sputnik from the Baikonur Launch Center in Kazakhstan marked the beginning of a space age.
Sputnik, which had no significant exploration equipment, circled the earth and did not collect any large documents.The idea of launching a satellite was born as part of the Soviet Union's military program. But when it comes to project effectiveness, science and technology are more important than military character. Sputnik orbited the Earth for 93 days before entering the atmosphere and being destroyed by a blaze.
Sputnik 5- (1960)
The mission successfully launched the two dogs into space after a day's rotation by launching two dogs into space. Launched with the Vostok-L rocket, the Sputnik 5 spacecraft was equipped with dogs, rats, flies, plants and fungi.
It included a television set and other scientific equipment.Sputnik 5 is the second in a series of space probes designed to develop a manned space program.
Vostok-1: (1961)
The first manned spaceflight project to return safely to space. The rocket used for the launch was a modification of the existing R - 7 Semiorka Intercontinental Ballistic Missile.In this mission, Urigagarin became the first man to reach space and the first man to orbit the earth. He is known as the Columbus of the universe. April 12, the anniversary of this voyage, is celebrated as International Space Travel Day.
Mariner 4: (1964)
NASA's Mariner 4 is the first spacecraft to successfully orbit close to Mars. The space shuttle's orbit around Mars is the first mission to orbit another planet and bring close - up images of its surface to Earth, which has drastically changed the scientific community's view of life on Mars.Mariner 4 is the fourth in a series of space probes intended for planetary exploration in flyby mode. The duration of the mission was 3 years and 23 days.
Voscode 2: (1964)
The mission was the first man to walk in space and set another milestone in space exploration. This was the first voyage of the Voscode 2 spacecraft.Alexei Leonov, Soviet Russian astronaut, Major General of the Air Force, writer and artist
Exiting the capsule
12 minutes and 9 seconds
Walked in space.
Apollo 11: (1969)
The fifth manned mission of NASA's Apollo mission. The first manned space mission to the moon.Apollo 11 was launched on a Saturn 5 rocket.
July 20, 1969 At 20:17 GMT, the Eagle spacecraft lands on the moon carrying Commander Neil Armstrong and the lunar module pilot Bus Aldrin. Six hours and 39 minutes after the Eagle landed, Armstrong became the first person to land on the moon at 02:56 July 21; 19 minutes later Aldrin joined him.They spent about two and a half hours together outside the spacecraft and collected 21.5 kilograms of lunar objects. While they were both on the surface of the moon, Michael Collins, the pilot of the control spacecraft, orbited the moon above the control spacecraft Columbia.
Before landing and reuniting in Colombia, Armstrong and Aldrin spent 21 hours and 36 minutes on a lunar surface called the Ocean of Peace. On July 24, the three returned to Earth.
Lunochod 1: (1970)
Lunokhod is a series of Soviet robotic lunar rovers designed to land on the moon between 1969 and 1977. Lunochod 1 was the first remote-controlled robot "rover" to travel freely across the surface of another sphere beyond Earth.The first of the robotic lunar rovers to be launched to the moon by proton-K rockets.
Three lunar days; Although designed to last only about three Earth months, Lunochod 1 operated eleven lunar days, or 321 Earth days, at a total distance of 10.54 km.
It had eight wheels and was 2.3 meters long. X-ray spectrometer,
It also includes an X-ray telescope, cosmic ray detectors and a laser device. It was also equipped with four cameras and special soil testing equipment.Mars 3: (1971)
Mars 3 is the first spacecraft to make a soft landing on Mars.
It is a robotic spacecraft of the Soviet Mars program launched using the Proton-K rocket. The transmission was halted 14.5 seconds after landing on Mars for unknown reasons. An indistinct gray image had already been sent to Earth.
Although the Mars 3 Lantern is down
The Mars 3 orbiter orbited Mars and sent images to Earth for eight months.
Salute 1: (1971)
The first series launched by Soviet Russia was the Salite 1 from space stations
The first in this area.
The history of salutes started from a tragedy and later turned into a story of unforgettable achievements.It is common practice for all space stations to launch unmanned and then send astronauts into it. Salute 1 was launched on April 19, 1971 without any passengers. On April 22, Soyuz 10 set sail for Salute 1 with three cosmonauts. Soyuz - tied to salute but unable to open hatch to allow passengers to enter. Soyuz disconnected with Salute and tried a second time but still could not open the entrance hatch. The mission was abandoned and the cosmonauts returned to Earth. On June 6 at Soyuz 11 - again three more arrived at the salute. All three entered the salute and stayed there for 23 days, completing the mission's objectives. Soyuz 11 unexpectedly returns to Earth
A hatch in the vehicle opened and the air inside was lost to the vacuum, killing all three cosmonauts.
Georgi Dobrovolsky,
Vladislav Volkov,
Victor Patsayev.
These three crew members of Soyuz 11 are the only humans to have died in space, beyond the Carmen line in space travel history.
Pioneer-10: (1972)
The Solar System beyond the Earth
Pioneer-10 is a 1972 spacecraft launched by NASA to study the planets. It was also the first spacecraft to cross the asteroid belt between the meteorite between Mars and Jupiter.
Planetary camera,
Eleven different instruments were used to determine the intensity of charged particles from the Sun and other stars, as well as to determine the amount of hydrogen and helium on the planets.
In this. Nuclear technology is used to generate enough energy to power the spacecraft's equipment. This is called a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.
Solar panels are not feasible for spacecraft to orbit the outer surface of the Solar System, i.e. away from the Sun. This is because the farther away you are from the sun, the less sunlight you get.
In November 1973, Pioneer approached Jupiter. Pictures of Jupiter were taken and sent to Earth.
Jupiter's gravity accelerated to reach Saturn in 1976. The spacecraft gained some speed from Saturn and landed on Uranus in 1979 and then on Neptune in 1983.
(This speed of spacecraft is called Gravity Assist or Fly-Buy.)
From here the pioneer communicated with the land.
The last time this message was received was in January 2003. At that time the pioneer was 80 astronomical units away from Earth.
We are unable to contact the Pioneers at this time, but the spacecraft is still orbiting the Solar System. The speed of the Sun is about 12 km / s. Although its orbit is not aimed at any star, it is moving in the direction of the Taurus constellation. It would have to travel at least a million years to reach the stars at this speed.
Mariner 10: (1973)
First vehicle to study Mercury / November 3, 1973
Mariner 10 is a robotic spacecraft launched by NASA. On March 29, 1974, it passed 704 km close to Mercury, taking photos and discovering Mercury's magnetic field. These photos showed the craters on the surface of Mercury.
Measure and study the characteristics of Mercury's environment, atmosphere, surface, etc .; The mission's mission was to conduct a similar investigation into Venus. Another goal is to conduct experiments in the Inner Planet medium
Gravity Assist - Experience and gain.
Venera 9: (1975)
Venera 9 was a Soviet space mission to Venus, consisting of an orbiter and a lander.
On October 20, 1975, it entered Venus' orbit. The orbiter's mission was to act as a lander's communication relay and explore the planet's atmosphere. This orbiter is the first spacecraft to orbit Venus.
The Venera spacecraft landed at an inclination of about 20 and a rocky area of about 30-40 cm in size. Venus 9 was the first spacecraft to send images of the surface of Venus to Earth.
Viking 1: (1975)
Viking 1. The first successful Mars lander in history, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program. On July 20, 1976, Lander touched down on Mars.
Viking sent a photo of the surface of Mars to Earth. From them it was discovered that there are large craters and large craters on Mars. The entire surface of Mars is covered with dust. There were also rocks with sharp and sharp edges. Atmosphere of MarsIt has been discovered that carbon dioxide is also present in the atmosphere of Mars. Earlier
The Vikings were convinced that there were no oceans, no humans, no life on Mars, as they had guessed. Mars, with its red sky and two moons, is constantly moving motionless across the universe.
Voyager-1 (1977)
The Voyager 1 spacecraft was the first man-made object to reach the interstellar medium. This spacecraft provided much of the previously unknown knowledge to the scientific community outside of Earth.
Voyager 1 was built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It has 16 hydrazine thrusters.
It also has 8 additional thrusters that can be used in case of emergency. Voyager also had gyroscopes needed to stabilize the spacecraft's axis on all three axes, as well as equipment to authenticate the Sun and Canopus star so that the spacecraft's radio antenna would always point toward Earth. During the voyage, Voyager stored 11 scientific instruments to study space objects, including planets. It also included an additional reserve of all important equipment. It also has the ability to store up to 62,500 kilobytes of data through its digital tape recorder and then transmit it under favorable conditions when it is unable to communicate directly with the Earth. The spacecraft's power source is plutonium 238 'radioisotope thermal generators'. Voyager was designed with radio communications capabilities capable of traveling long distances across the Solar System. One of the main components is the parabola-shaped antenna with a diameter of 3.7 m. With this antenna, Voyager communicates with radio waves to three deep space network stations on Earth.
Voyager approached Jupiter in February 1979, 17 months after the voyage. Voyager 1 also discovered 8 active volcanoes on the surface of Jupiter's moon Io. The spacecraft accelerated from Jupiter to Saturn in November 1980 via fly-by. Detailed images of Saturn and their moons thus first landed on Earth ....
Thrusters on Voyager 1 were launched in December 2017.
The mission is expected to continue until about 2025, after which it is assumed that its radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG) will not be able to provide the electrical power needed to operate the equipment. But the spacecraft will continue to travel with our message.
The journey that began 44 years ago in search of the answer to the question of whether we are alone in this vast universe - a journey through interstellar space at a speed of 16.9 km per second.
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